Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Ceramic-Reinforced Copper-Based Composites: Analysis of Single and Multi-Component Synergistic Mechanisms

Copper-based materials (Cu-MMCs) have been widely researched for use as friction materials in applications like high-speed train braking pads due to their superior mechanical properties and wear resistance. However, as the operating speeds of high-speed trains increasing, Cu-MMCs are finding it challenging to meet the demands of emergency braking due to inadequate thermal stability. The incorporation of ceramic components can substantially improve the friction coefficient of Cu-MMCs, and by flexibly adjusting the composition, content and size of multiple ceramic types, their mechanical and frictional properties at elevated temperatures can be significantly enhanced. This review focuses on the enhancement effects and influencing mechanisms of Cu-MMCs reinforced with different types and quantities of ceramic components, including single, dual, and multi-component ceramics. This study examines various preparation methods, types of ceramics, and the effects of ceramic content on the mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties of Cu-MMCs. By summarizing the extensive work of numerous researchers, this review compares how different ceramics alter the friction mechanisms of Cu-MMCs. The authors hope that this work provides valuable insights for the future development of ceramic-reinforced Cu-MMCs composites with superior properties.